Subscribe (PUBSUB) network. The WritePass Journal

The network resource optimization work needed to be done in the framework of Publish/Subscribe (PUBSUB) network. Introduction The network resource optimization work needed to be done in the framework of Publish/Subscribe (PUBSUB) network. IntroductionContextual ReviewTechnical ReviewMotivation behind Optical NetworkingMotivation behind PUBSUB modelEconomical and Commercial ReviewProposalProject PlanConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction This paper investigates the ground for the network resource optimization work needed to be done in the framework of Publish/Subscribe (PUBSUB) network [psirp]. This work forms part of the project which will be undertaken in Summer Term (2010-2011) in fulfilment of the Masters Degree (University of Essex). As the project title says â€Å"Lightpaths in Publish/Subscribe Internet Model†, the work is more focussed on developing the strategies for optimum utilization of the optical network to reflect data flows and the decisions made at routing layer of the information centric network (ICN). As the project uses two different networking notions i.e. pubsub ICN model and optical networking concept, this paper researches the background for these fields and tries to argument how they are viable candidates for the future internet. It also explains where the proposed work will fit in big picture. Since 1970’s (ARPANET) [isoc], internet has undergone immense transformations. Internet traffic is growing not just in statistical figures but also in different types of applications it is supporting today e.g. triple/ quadruple play services (voice, video, data). It is being accessed today in different forms i.e. fixed landline connections to WiFi hotspots. Key market players like Cisco predict that data hungry applications like video will remain at the heart of internet usage and will contribute to the majority of the internet revenues [cisco]. Though service providers see these strong earning opportunities, challenges are posed for them to keep customers happy while making optimum use of network resources to serve more customers.   Progress in DWDM and EDFA technologies has spurred the desire of having all optical networks [alca][cam]. Number of networking bodies today are working on building efficient total optical solutions, which are gradually making to the market to l everage the very high transport capacity offered by them (in Terabits/s) [ rat]. Though service providers get away with the capacity constrain with the use of optical transport networks (OTN), they are facing problems managing t the IP layer causing possible performance bottlenecks. Blumenthal et al [blue] has thrown light on some of these problems like host centric design i.e. more focus on host to host connectivity than information being delivered. This imposes lot of overhead (maintaining states) on the multicasting services such as news, IPTV, BBC iPlayer [marco2]. It needs more control information which consumes the data bandwidth. The design, by default favours the sender, giving him/her extra power to disseminate the content to desired hosts; this accounts to unnecessary traffic along with the possibility of untrustworthy content being received. Security and mobility were added as top up components [msc]. Attempts are being made to overcome these problems like moving to IP version 6, New Internet Routing Architecture (NIRA), Translating Relaying Internet A rchitecture integrating Active Directories (TRIAD), Routing on Flat Labels (ROFL) [msc] etc. But all these solutions are still based on underlying IP mattress. Networking experts across the world (Van Jacobson, David Clark, Dirk Trossen) [tow][arg][blue] are hinting for the green field efforts for redesigning the internet by keeping information at the centre of the design and envision this as the internet of the future. This project focuses on deriving the optimum traffic handling strategies for the optical layer in context of the content centric network (CCN). The work will include building simulations for various network scenarios such as different topologies and data characteristics and verification of those with the test-bed. This paper, chronologically, explains the driving factors and motivation behind this work and also looks at its economical and commercial benefits. Proposal section describes the structure, scope and methodology of the project. Work plan breaks down the project into tasks and shows with the help of Gantt chart how are those placed in time.   Finally paper concludes by summarising the outcomes of planning and background study. Contextual Review The contextual review illustrates the technical benefits of this project and also covers the other work done/being done in this area. It also mentions economical impact this will have and tries to foresee the market this work may help. Technical Review The body of this project is placed on two legs pubsub networking model and optical networking. The project greatly benefits from the earlier work done in these areas. As the work related to ICN is still in research phase, it makes sense to have a look at the technical driving factors after it and to re-view the optical network in context of that. One by one, it tries to elucidate the driving factors behind these fields, their advantages and gain of combining them. Motivation behind Optical Networking Due to advancements in DWDM and EDFA, more light wavelengths can be injected into the fibre tremendously increasing the fibre capacity in ranges of terabits [rat]. Research in optical network elements is making them reach longer distances without amplifiers i.e. reducing the network elements and points of failure in the network. Having multiple wavelengths in the fibre facilitates on demand light path creation (using OADM) allowing effective on the fly bandwidth management [rat][marco1]. However changing the network dynamically is risky task and needs better control. The O-E-O switches allow the demarcation of control and data plane yielding greater speed and flexibility in data forwarding plane which is controlled by but decoupled from the routing layer [marco1]. This concept is similar to that of MPLS but as the current network owners are not ready to shred the already deployed equipments to reap their investments, hence Generic MPLS plays important role where the forwarding tables can be shared by multiple forwarding fabrics. Efforts have been made (Eiji Oki et al) [oki] to engineer the IP and optical networks using GMPLS. Their work is more close to the work this paper tries to present but in framework of CCN. Eiji also talks about concept of traffic grooming which is very much relevant. Work done by Marco et al [marco1][marco2] experiment   an optical switching based on various IP properties e.g. in [marco1]the IP packets heading to identical destinations are clubbed and switched together. In previous work, switching is applied to prolonged, huge IP flows. In Paper [marco2] Optical Flow Switching is explored which switches the flows of the IP traffic by dynamically setting up the links. It is similar to the work this paper proposes where switching decisions will be made by the content and its properties. Flow switched optical network creates dynamic pass-through circuits at the intermediate nodes such that the data is forwarded from source to destination at the optical layer without any need to go to electrical layer. Further identical flows can be groomed together [marco2]. This feature encourages lot of equipment vendors and market players because of the economic benefit it offers. It takes load off the routing layer i.e. no need to make per hop decisions as in case of today’s IP networks; forwarding can be performed in hardware and hence faster than routing. This allows network operators to carry more customer traffic with the same infrastructural setup. Motivation behind PUBSUB model The work this paper presents is targeted for ICN. Number of network research bodies and market players together (PERSUIT, PSIRP, CCNx) [psirp][ccnx][needed] are already   working on ICN designs and lot of work is being done in related areas. It does address the problems faced by IP networks and also add some new features of its own as described below. Information centric approach – The nature of the applications is becoming more demanding not just in size and format of the content (like Video and VoIP) but also in timely delivery. But for service providers managing overload of control information and accessing the domain named services is becoming challenge with IP paradigm. Dirk in his paper [arg] points out that keeping information at the centre of the design truly makes sense. It will be easy if the information is uniquely named and distributed reducing the middleware load and making it easy to access [arg]. Receiver focussed design – Receivers have power to choose the type of information they want to receive by subscribing only to that information. This benefits both end users and network providers; it inherently reduces the spam and possibility of attacks at the user end and results in sensible use of the network infrastructure for providers [msc]. Security and Mobility – Security and mobility will be embedded into the architecture unlike the add-ons in IP suite. With expected growth in mobile markets with 4G and entry of devices like smart phones, embedded mobility solution is a great asset for mobile players for efficient handling of their networks [ill][cisco]. Multicasting and Active Caching – In CCN, the edge network nodes actively monitor the content being accessed and caches the same if it is being accessed too frequently. This helps in reducing the redundant traffic through the core allowing fair utilization of the network [msc]. Multicasting is achieved through the innovative concept of zFilter [ill] which is performed at the forwarding layer. This makes it faster with most of the decisions made off the routing layer, which is attractive feature simplifying the task of network configuration. Other work in progress – Apart from PSIRP, project like CCNx and 4WARD [ccnx][4ward] also put forward the notion of CCN for future internet. CCNx tries to get the desired content by naming it in levelled manner and 4WARD tries to find the efficient ways to route the data over heterogeneous networks [ill]. There are some strong advantages of combining optical networks with pubsub model e.g. both of them believe in local decision making than configuring end to end paths. Dynamic optical layer can share the pressure at the routing layer for efficient content delivery resulting in fair use of the infrastructure [marco1]. Economical and Commercial Review Apart from the research bodies and universities, people from the key market players like BT and Ericsson, Xerox [ill][lipsin][ccnx] are also actively involved in the pubsub work, unlike the earlier internet designed by the government bodies [isoc]. This has two advantages; it allows addressing the practical problems faced by these companies right at the design level rather than added as patches later on. When it comes to actual deployment of the researched work, it will have ready acceptance from these industry players and their partners which is a big plus from commercial point of view. The work directly affects to the companies in content distribution network like Akamai, Limelight Networks [cdn]. Inherent smart multicast and caching abilities open new opportunities to them allowing cost-effective data distribution. Further Dirk in his paper [driver] comments that metadata databases in the CCN can be used for pricing the specific services in fair manner. This does not need any burden on data bandwidth such as deep inspection or bid packets to differentiate between the streams. Thus CCN may change the way the end user is charged. Last point worth mentioning is CCN routers consume less electrical energy as compared to the current IP based content distribution strategies like P2P or content distribution networks [green]. Concepts like caching reduce the transit traffic helping in less energy consumption. Also less O-E-O conversions contribute to save the energy consumption at intermediate nodes. Proposal This project falls under PURSUIT [pursuit] which is continuation of the PSIRP project. This project will contribute to the forwarding plane related work of the PUBSUB networks, implemented using O-E-O routers. As PUBSUB uses optical networks in the ground, it is about optical traffic engineering i.e. creating on demand light paths in the network in order to make efficient use of resources. It can be explained with the figurexyz below. NEED DIAGRAM HERE X, Y, Z are OEO routers, inner circle shows the optical layer and outer circle depicts the electrical layer of the network. There is traffic flowing from XY on wavelength ÃŽ »1 and also some traffic from XZ on the same wavelength. After some time due to congestion at node Y, the traffic at Z experiences performance issues. At this stage decision should be made to cut another wavelength ÃŽ »2 from XZ, which is configured as pass-through at node Y so that it does not go to electrical layer and the performance at node Z is restored. Another important decision needs to be taken is when to shut down this light path i.e. if the traffic at node Y has minimised to earlier levels, so that optical layer has minimum number of wavelength to deal with. The decision of cutting a new wavelength will be made based on two things, Size of the content which is going to flow – In CCN, we can know beforehand the amount of data which will flow through the nodes by looking at its metadata. If the data consumes the substantial amount of wavelength capacity then it makes sense to cut a new wavelength. Quality metrics at the intermediate nodes – Some quality metrics at the intermediate node such as delay might make a decision to cut another wavelength when it goes beyond some threshold. So the project fully focuses on creating/destroying new wavelengths depending on the quality metrics at the electrical layer or based on the content. Scope of this project is limited to building simulations and then verification of them using test-bed. The simulations will be performed using proprietary simulator to study the various networking scenarios e.g. for different delay thresholds and topologies. This will yield statistical graphs for number of wavelengths in the network and delay characteristics which can be studied further for optimization. Next step is verification of these results with the help of 3-node test –bed setup as shown in figurexyz. Though the work is limited to 3- node setup, it will serve as a prototype for the further research. The work done can be gauged on two things, The statistical results (graphs) generated from the simulations. Expectation is that, it will generate number of curves for delay vs number of wavelengths which will show some sweet spot where both of them are at the optimum level. Results of the test-bed which will verify the rules of thumbs generated with simulation. Project Plan The project work can be broken down in the following tasks and subtasks. Background Study – This includes numbers of things like, Understanding concept of PUBSUB and Optical Networking Literature Review Project Proposal Study of a simulator – It is necessary getting acquainted with simulator before the project approaches simulation stage. Hence initial time of the project is assigned for it. Generating Representative Traffic Model (RTM) – This step involves defining the data models for PUBSUSB network which will be part of metadata. This will help in identifying huge data flows by reading the metadata content. Identifying Simulation Scenarios – This will decide what type of simulation scenarios to include e.g. networks with different topologies and data stream with different quality metrics and actually running these scenarios to collect the statistics. This can be further broken down in three cases. Modelling network with huge traffic flows Modelling network with different delays at intermediate nodes Modelling network with different delays and different topologies Modelling network with different types of traffic (if time permits) Network Optimization – It is concerned with generating rules of thumb for particular traffic or topologies from statistics collected from the simulations. Test-bed Verification – The rules of thumbs generated from optimization process will be verified for proof of principle using the 3-node test-bed setup. Report writing and presentation – Last one month of the project is dedicated for report writing and for preparing the presentation. Conclusion References Internet Society (ISOC) All About The Internet. (Undated). History of the Internet. [Online]. Viewed on : 2 March 2011. Available: isoc.org/internet/history/cerf.shtml (isoc) Cisco Systems. (2010, June). Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2009-2014. [Online]. Viewed on: 2 March 2011. Available: cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-481360.html (cisco) Content Centric Networking (CCNx) Source. (Undated). Welcome |Project CCNx. [Online]. Viewed on: 2 March 2011. Available: ccnx.org/ (ccnx) (Undated). The FP7 4WARD Project. Viewed on: 2 March 2011. Available: 4ward-project.eu/ (4ward) psirp.org/ (psirp) fp7-pursuit.eu/PursuitWeb/   (pursuit) http://gigaom.com/2007/08/06/cdn-price-wars/ (cdn) Alcatel Optical Networks Tutorial (alca) Arun Somani, Cambridge (cam) The Rationale of Optical Networking (rat) Illustrating a Publish-Subscribe Internet Architecture (ill) Rethinking the Design of the Internet: The End-to-End Arguments vs. the Brave New World (blue) Academic Dissemination and Exploitation of a Clean-slate Internetworking Architecture: The Publish-Subscribe Internet Routing Paradigm (msc) Towards a new generation of information-oriented internetworking architectures (tow) Greening the Internet with Content-Centric Networking (green) Arguments for an Information-Centric Internetworking Architecture (arg) Not Paying the Truck Driver: Differentiated Pricing for the Future Internet (driver) LIPSIN: Line Speed Publish/Subscribe Inter-Networking (lipsin) Optical IP Switching for dynamic traffic engineering in next-generation optical networks (marco1) Optical IP Switching: A Flow-Based Approach to Distributed Cross-Layer Provisioning (marco2) Dynamic Multilayer Routing Schemes in GMPLS-Based IP+Optical Networks (oki)

Perception of Intelligence by Zullu and Kpelle

Perception of Intelligence by Zullu and Kpelle Abstract Perception of intelligence among different communities varies to a great deal depending on the socio-economic and political factors. The Kpelle people of Liberia had a different perception of intelligence from the Zulus of South Africa. The best way of measuring intelligence in such unique communities is to base the measurements on the local parameters.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Perception of Intelligence by Zullu and Kpelle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Perception of intelligence varies from one community to the other across the world. While one community may value consultation when making decisions, others cherish creativity or even the ability to process information very fast. The parameters used to measure intelligence in one community may be very different from the parameters used in another community. In this assignment, the researcher seeks to compare how the Zulu people of South Africa and Kpelle people of Liberia perceive intelligence. The researcher will look at their perception towards issues such as domestic violence, initiations, and marriages. Discussion According to Matsumoto (2001), different African communities perceived intelligence differently. This scholar says that the Zulu people of South Africa valued communal work very much. They considered intelligence to be the ability to consult the elders whenever one is making a critical decision. The elders were the think tanks for this society because of their knowledge gathered from years of experience. This community still cherishes the need to consult the elders when making decisions even in the face of the current Westernization in this country. On the other hand, the Kpelle people of Liberia valued creativity in decision-making. Even though they also cherished the relevance to consult, their environment posed many challenges that needed creative ideas. Members of the society who were ab le to come up with creative ideas on how to solve the problems of the society were held in high regards. When their creative ideas helped in solving some of the environmental problems, the society members would consider them heroes. It may not be easy to use a universal test to measure the intelligence between these two communities. As Valsiner (2012) notes, each of these cultural groups defined their measure of intelligence based on the environmental factors. For instance, the Kpelle people of Liberia had different environmental factors from the Zulu people of South Africa.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When using cognitive abilities such as memory, organization, and visualization, the two communities compare very closely. These cognitive factors were particularly important in defense. They had to remember the militaristic of their enemies based on the ex periences and organize themselves when it was evident that the community was under attack, and visualize some of the best strategies that can be used to counter the enemy. As Langley (2012) notes, such strategic approaches to solving problems were not restricted to addressing the threat of an attack. They were also important when addressing other social problems.  One of the cultural practices that were common among the people of Kpelle is the marriage ceremony. In such important stages of life, the society considered intelligence to be the manner in which the couple engaged their elders in their wedding preparations. Although a young man was allowed to look for a life partner of his choice, he would be considered an intelligent young man if he involved his parents and elder members of his community in investigating the background of the preferred bride. This is very different from what was traditionally practiced among the Zulu people of South Africa. Among the Zulu people, the p arents arranged marriages. Intelligence in this case would be the ability to accept the choices made by the elders because it was believed that they could see far into the future (Matsumoto Juang, 2012).  Another area that is worth analyzing is the issue of domestic violence within these two African communities. Among the Zulus of South Africa, men were regarded as the absolute authority in their families. Wife battering was something normal as long as it was not tragic. Such incidents were not considered domestic violence. Every man had the liberty of choosing how to solve his family problems. On the other hand, the Kpelle of Liberia valued the position of women in the society. Although men were superior to women, wife battering or any form of violence was considered a point of weakness on the side of the man perpetrating the violence (Kitayama Cohen, 2007). When measuring intelligence between these two different communities, it will be important to avoid using universal approa ches such as those proposed in the formal education. It will be necessary to base the measurement on the community’s parameters. One should understand why a given community cherished a specific pattern of behavior and not the other. It is through this approach that it will be possible to understand their perception towards intelligence (Smith, 2008). Conclusion Different communities perceived intelligence differently based on their socio-cultural, economic, and political factors. The analysis done above on the two different African communities shows that what one community may consider as an act of intelligence may be considered an act of folly in another community.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Perception of Intelligence by Zullu and Kpelle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When measuring intelligence in each of these cultures, it may be necessary to base the measurement on their own context and pe rception towards life. References Kitayama, S., Cohen, D. (2007). Handbook of cultural psychology. New York: Guilford Press. Langley, T. (2012). Batman and psychology: A dark and stormy knight. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons. Matsumoto, D. (2001). The Handbook of Culture and Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Matsumoto, D. R., Juang, L. P. (2012). Culture and psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Smith, M. K. (2008). Howard Gardner and multiple intelligences. Retrieved from http://infed.org/mobi/howard-gardner-multiple-intelligences-and-education/ Valsiner, J. (2012). The Oxford handbook of culture and psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Programming the technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Programming the technology - Essay Example The availability of customers’ information at numerous sources initiated concerns about its privacy. Customers began to worry about the theft of their information and also about its usage for different purposes. There are many sources of data from where the security breach may initiate and privacy of the individual may be threatened. Kahn (2010) stated some of them, namely healthcare records, financial institutions, residence and postal records, business transactional data etc. The need of the hour is for the organizations to understand the meaning of privacy; it does not mean to stop the data collection process, rather it means to understand the boundaries and limitations by which the customer’s data should be used. Business organizations, health-care establishments, financial institutions need to ensure that the usage of the customers’ information complies with the terms that were communicated to the customer at the time of the data collection. Since otherwise, it is considered unethical and illegal (in some instances) to use the information for analytical purposes for the betterment of their business. There are an increasing number of instances of security breach around the world. Waters (2008) quoted a survey that constituted of 1000 companies; it was concluded that almost 90% of them allowed their employees to leave the office premises with confidential data on their USB devices. This is just one of the examples of how customer’s data is not protected in the hands of the organizations; another common happening in which the customer’s privacy is threatened is the theft of computers and laptops in which data is not encrypted. Few other techniques that go against the privacy rights of the customers are hacking, phishing, eavesdropping, intrusion etc. Waters (2008) also stated that security breaches cost UK billions of pounds every year. Some

Please answer in short paragraphs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Please answer in short paragraphs - Assignment Example Health indicators can simply be defined as quantifiable characteristics of a population that researchers use as evidence to support the description of the health of said population. What happens is the researcher will use survey methods to obtain information about certain people in the population. This will be followed by use of statistical methods to generalize information to the entire population and finally use of statistical analysis to create a statement about the health of said population. Life expectancy is an example of a common health indicator used by the government. Cleverly et al explains that one reason for the continued rise in the cost of healthcare is the rise in the cost of goods and services associated with healthcare. These include workers and equipment. Another reason faced by hospitals is the total percentage of Medicare and Medicaid admissions. This is because neither of the two programs fully reimburses the cost of care. In a bid to reduce some of these costs, the current financing options, especially those offered by the government should be revisited. Regulation should also be put in place to counter the rising cost of goods and services used in healthcare. Gaps in regulatory design have been seen. Some basic regulatory functions may fail to be assigned to a regulatory body while others may not be underwritten by law. Research in India showed that weakness in the design of regulatory methods in the above-mentioned ways is the reason why regulation has failed.

Together We Stand Outline Essay Example for Free

Together We Stand Outline Essay Suppose you live in a new suburban community that combines all the amenities and benefits of a tight-knit small community with the benefits of living close to the big city. Some years pass, and several children and adults in the community start developing extensive and similar illnesses. You think this is clearly not a case of genetics, and you become suspicious that something has gone wrong in the development planning and execution of your community. You start researching possible causes for the illnesses plaguing the community and, upon further investigation, find out that a company’s unsafe chemical-disposal practices may be to blame for the calamity. You decide to notify your community of your findings so that everyone can unite in a fight for justice. Create a detailed outline that you would use for composing the letter, which you intend to have published by your local newspaper, addressing your concerns about the community’s health. Address the following in your outline: Describe the types of questions that you asked yourself to ensure that you used critical thinking in your research and analysis of the problem. Explain what strategies you would have applied, if actually investigating the problem, to help foster critical thinking and to help lead you to the root cause of the illnesses. What assumptions did you have to be aware of to ensure that they did not interfere with your critical analysis of the situation? What fallacies did you encounter as you researched possible causes for the illness? Cite any sources and references consistent with Associate Level Writing Style Handbook guidelines.

Theme Essay Young Goodman Brown :: Free Essay Writer

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Young Goodman Brown†, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, delves into the classic battle between good and evil; taking the protagonist, Goodman Brown, on a journey to test the resolve of his faith. Goodman ventures out on his expedition deep into the sinister forest, in order to repudiate the attempt of the devil to sway him from Christianity; a test he believes his devout faith is prepared to confront. Goodman Brown is forever altered in ways unforeseeable by taking a stroll with the ultimate antagonist, the devil himself. The prevailing theme in this literary work, which is common in Hawthorne’s gothic writing, is the realization that evil can infect people who seem perfectly respectable. Throughout the course of his journey, Goodman Brown discovers that even highly reputable people of Salem are vulnerable to the forces of darkness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Goodman Brown embarks on his journey into the forest with the fervent belief that his potent dedication is indomitably ironclad, and thus will be able to overcome even the most tempting persuasions of the devil. As Goodman and the devil continue sauntering along the serpentine path, they encounter Goodman’s old catechism teacher, Goody Cloyse, and it is eventually revealed that she is heading to the satanic occult meeting at the core of the forest. Goodman is absolutely confounded at the sight of her, as he had always considered Cloyse as a moral and spiritual guide in his life. Goody Cloyse’s appearance is the first moment where Goodman begins to question his faith. Brown's illusions about the purity of his society are finally obliterated when he discovers that many of his fellow townspeople, including religious leaders and his wife (aptly named Faith), are attending a Black Mass or â€Å"witch-meeting†. At the end of the story, it is not cle ar whether Brown's experience was a nightmare or biting reality, but the results are nonetheless the same. Brown is unable to forgive the possibility of evil in his loved ones, and as a result spends the rest of his life in desperate loneliness and gloom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of his journey, Goodman Brown’s will and pride were both embedded in the belief that he was a pious man. Goodman’s pride in piety evidently fails him, as he discovers that his faith was based on the principles of individuals who had sworn allegiance to the devil. This deplorable truth destroyed his conviction, and in this sense the devil prevailed against Goodman Brown. Theme Essay Young Goodman Brown :: Free Essay Writer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Young Goodman Brown†, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, delves into the classic battle between good and evil; taking the protagonist, Goodman Brown, on a journey to test the resolve of his faith. Goodman ventures out on his expedition deep into the sinister forest, in order to repudiate the attempt of the devil to sway him from Christianity; a test he believes his devout faith is prepared to confront. Goodman Brown is forever altered in ways unforeseeable by taking a stroll with the ultimate antagonist, the devil himself. The prevailing theme in this literary work, which is common in Hawthorne’s gothic writing, is the realization that evil can infect people who seem perfectly respectable. Throughout the course of his journey, Goodman Brown discovers that even highly reputable people of Salem are vulnerable to the forces of darkness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Goodman Brown embarks on his journey into the forest with the fervent belief that his potent dedication is indomitably ironclad, and thus will be able to overcome even the most tempting persuasions of the devil. As Goodman and the devil continue sauntering along the serpentine path, they encounter Goodman’s old catechism teacher, Goody Cloyse, and it is eventually revealed that she is heading to the satanic occult meeting at the core of the forest. Goodman is absolutely confounded at the sight of her, as he had always considered Cloyse as a moral and spiritual guide in his life. Goody Cloyse’s appearance is the first moment where Goodman begins to question his faith. Brown's illusions about the purity of his society are finally obliterated when he discovers that many of his fellow townspeople, including religious leaders and his wife (aptly named Faith), are attending a Black Mass or â€Å"witch-meeting†. At the end of the story, it is not cle ar whether Brown's experience was a nightmare or biting reality, but the results are nonetheless the same. Brown is unable to forgive the possibility of evil in his loved ones, and as a result spends the rest of his life in desperate loneliness and gloom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of his journey, Goodman Brown’s will and pride were both embedded in the belief that he was a pious man. Goodman’s pride in piety evidently fails him, as he discovers that his faith was based on the principles of individuals who had sworn allegiance to the devil. This deplorable truth destroyed his conviction, and in this sense the devil prevailed against Goodman Brown.

Affordable Care ACT

The patient protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) is expected to have a major impact on the financing of healthcare, principally by expanding insurance coverage to approximately 32 million of the current 50. 7 million uninsured by 2014. If the goal is reached, 95% of all Americans will have health insurance (Kovner& Knickman, 2011). The Affordable Care Act will expand coverage in two key ways: expanding Medicaid eligibility and through a blend of subsidies and mandates that encourage the working class to purchase affordable insurance coverage in the private market.Medicaid eligibility rates will be expanded so that most people who earn less 133% of the federal poverty level will be covered. Furthermore, the Affordable Care Act is one of the biggest changes to our Health care system since the introduction of Medicaid and Medicare. However, there still will be 29 million Americans who will still lack healthcare insurance even after the Affordable Care Act is fully instituted (Andrews,Darnell,Mcbride& Gerlert,2013) fundamental goals of the ACA are to decrease the cost of healthcare, increase quality of healthcare, services, and make healthcare assessable to all Americans, particularly the uninsured.One of the largest changes to healthcare through ACA is that everyone must have insurance this is the largest positive factor of the ACA (Hayes, 2011) The ACA is meant to target insurance policies that have limitations based on preexisting conditions the goal is to eliminate this kind of policy and improve access to quality health care(Hayes,2011). The fundamental goal of the ACA is that by making insurance available to millions more Americans that this will hopefully decrease healthcare cost by allowing more people to receive preventative care.In the long run, it is generally cheaper to prevent healthcare problems than it is to treat active diseases (Cleary, Brenda, and Peggy Wilmoth, 2011). Beginning in 2014, most individuals will be required to maintain mi nimum essential coverage or will be required to pay a penalty of 95 dollars the first year 350 dollars in 2015 and 750 dollars in 2016 ,and indexed thereafter for those under 18 years of age the penalty will be one half the amount for adults(Robeznieks& Andis,2011).For individuals who make over 10, 0000 dollars a year the cost of health care cannot exceed 8% of your yearly income (Hayes, 2011). The drafters of the ACA believed that increasing insurance coverage would not only improve quality of life, but also help reduce medical bankruptcies currently the leading cause of bankruptcy in America. Additionally, ACA will establish state based health insurance exchanges. The exchanges are regulated online market places administered by either the federal or state governments, where individuals and small business can purchase private insurance plans.Individuals with incomes between 100% and 400% of the federal poverty level who purchase insurance plans via the exchange will be eligible to receive federal subsidies to help m pay premium costs (Robeznieks& Andis, 2011). The ACA is a step forward in decreasing health disparities in our country by decreasing the influx of chronic diseases on patients and thereby decreasing the amount of preventable diseases that occur in this country. However, opponents of the law want to argue that the individual mandate is unconstitutional.Ethically for individuals and organizations this is the right thing to do by providing the less fortunate with insurance coverage (Hayes, 2011) . The ACA is a golden opportunity for our country to decrease a lot of preventable diseases from occurring by decreasing preventable diseases hopefully it will bring down the cost of healthcare for every American. Conclusion In conclusion, the ACA is not a cure for all that ails our health care system it is going to take several years to realize the full implications of the law, but is a step forward in improving Healthcare in our country.Moreover, there will remain some injustices and health disparities for example, there will 29 million Americans will still be without insurance even after the ACA is instituted among those who will lack insurance coverage are: Illegal immigrants an estimated 23 million will be ineligible for insurance subsides and Medicaid, citizens not enrolled in Medicaid despite being eligible Citizens who whose insurance would cost more than the 8% house hold income are exempt from paying ,and Citizens not otherwise covered and opting to pay the annual penalty instead of purchasing insurance.Under the ACA more North Carolinas’ will be eligible for Health care prior to the ACA only children, the elderly and disabled qualified for Medicaid. I n January of 2014, all North Carolinas’ whose income is below 133% of the Federal poverty level will be eligible for Medicaid this will drastically improve access for North Carolinas’ working class single parent homes and those previously uninsured.